When war’s violence becomes excessive, retaliation is likely to follow. We will examine how each side retaliated – with prisoners, wounded, civilians, black soldiers, food supplies, and homes. We’ll also examine correspondence on the issue between officers on both sides, as well as politicians. German-American jurist Francis Lieber wrote detailed rules about authorized, unauthorized and proportional retaliation. His work, the first of its kind, became known as the Lieber Code. 

Monday, December 12 from 6:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m.